#1
Primary record
Office of the U.S. Surgeon General — Social Media and Youth Mental Health: The U.S. Surgeon General's Advisory (May 23, 2023).
Concluded there is not yet enough evidence to determine that social media is sufficiently safe for children and adolescents.
#2
Scholarly / institutional
Brady, McLoughlin, Doan & Crockett — "How social learning amplifies moral outrage expression in online social networks," Science Advances 7(33), eabe5641 (August 13, 2021).
#3
Scholarly / institutional
McLoughlin et al. — "Misinformation exploits outrage to spread online," Science (November 2024), DOI 10.1126/science.adl2829.
#4
Scholarly / institutional
Milli et al., Knight First Amendment Institute at Columbia — "Engagement, User Satisfaction, and the Amplification of Divisive Content on Social Media"
(published in PNAS Nexus 4(3), March 2025). A preregistered audit found engagement-based ranking amplified out-group-hostile content users said made them feel worse, and that users did not prefer that content. Knight Institute: PNAS Nexus:
#5
Scholarly / institutional
Systematic review with meta-analyses — "Social media use, mental health and sleep" (2024).
Found problematic use consistently associated with sleep, anxiety, and depression outcomes.
#6
Scholarly / institutional
Saleem et al. — "Exploring the Relationship Between Social Media Use and Symptoms of Depression and Anxiety Among Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Narrative Review," Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking (2024), DOI 10.1089/cyber.2023.0456.
#7
Scholarly / institutional
American Psychological Association — Health Advisory on Social Media Use in Adolescence (May 2023).
Recognizes both connection benefits and risks that vary by child, content, and pattern of use.